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<title>Linear predictive coding</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linear predictive coding</span></span>

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</p><p><b>Linear predictive coding</b> (<b>LPC</b>) is a method used mostly in <a href="Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a> and <a href="Speech_processing" title="Speech processing">speech processing</a> for representing the <a href="Spectral_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral envelope">spectral envelope</a> of a <a href="Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> <a href="Signal_(information_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (information theory)">signal</a> of <a href="Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> in <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> form, using the information of a <a href="Linear_prediction" title="Linear prediction">linear</a> <a href="Predictive_modelling" title="Predictive modelling">predictive model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>LPC is the most widely used method in <a href="Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a> and <a href="Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a>. It is a powerful speech analysis technique, and a useful method for encoding good quality speech at a low <a href="Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>LPC starts with the assumption that a speech signal is produced by a buzzer at the end of a tube (for <a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> sounds), with occasional added hissing and popping sounds (for <a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> sounds such as <a href="Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> and <a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>). Although apparently crude, this <a href="Source%E2%80%93filter_model" title="Source–filter model">Source–filter model</a> is actually a close approximation of the reality of speech production. The <a href="Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> (the space between the vocal folds) produces the buzz, which is characterized by its intensity (<a href="Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>) and <a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> (pitch). The <a href="Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a> (the throat and mouth) forms the tube, which is characterized by its resonances; these resonances give rise to <a href="Formant" title="Formant">formants</a>, or enhanced frequency bands in the sound produced. Hisses and pops are generated by the action of the tongue, lips and throat during sibilants and plosives.

</p><p>LPC analyzes the speech signal by estimating the formants, removing their effects from the speech signal, and estimating the intensity and frequency of the remaining buzz. The process of removing the formants is called inverse filtering, and the remaining signal after the subtraction of the filtered modeled signal is called the residue.

</p><p>The numbers which describe the intensity and frequency of the buzz, the formants, and the residue signal, can be stored or transmitted somewhere else. LPC synthesizes the speech signal by reversing the process: use the buzz parameters and the residue to create a source signal, use the formants to create a filter (which represents the tube), and run the source through the filter, resulting in speech.

</p><p>Because speech signals vary with time, this process is done on short chunks of the speech signal, which are called frames; generally, 30 to 50 frames per second give an intelligible speech with good compression.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2></div>

<p>Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when <a href="Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a> developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best <a href="Wiener_filter" title="Wiener filter">filters</a> and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sasahira_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasahira-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after <a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> established a <a href="A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication" title="A Mathematical Theory of Communication">general theory of coding</a>, work on predictive coding was done by <a href="C._Chapin_Cutler" title="C. Chapin Cutler">C. Chapin Cutler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Henry C. Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Peter_Elias" title="Peter Elias">Peter Elias</a> in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by <a href="Fumitada_Itakura" title="Fumitada Itakura">Fumitada Itakura</a> of <a href="Nagoya_University" title="Nagoya University">Nagoya University</a> and Shuzo Saito of <a href="Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a> in 1966 and in 1967 by <a href="Bishnu_S._Atal" title="Bishnu S. Atal">Bishnu S. Atal</a>, <a href="Manfred_R._Schroeder" title="Manfred R. Schroeder">Manfred R. Schroeder</a> and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on <a href="Maximum_likelihood_estimation" title="Maximum likelihood estimation">maximum likelihood estimation</a>; Atal and Schroeder described an <a href="Adaptive_filter" title="Adaptive filter">adaptive linear predictor</a> approach; Burg outlined an approach based on <a href="Maximum_entropy_spectral_estimation" title="Maximum entropy spectral estimation">principle of maximum entropy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sasahira_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasahira-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on <a href="Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">partial correlation</a> (PARCOR), <a href="Glen_Culler" title="Glen Culler">Glen Culler</a> proposed real-time speech encoding, and <a href="Bishnu_S._Atal" title="Bishnu S. Atal">Bishnu S. Atal</a> presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the <a href="Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America">Acoustical Society of America</a>. In 1971, realtime LPC using <a href="16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> LPC hardware was demonstrated by <a href="Philco-Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Philco-Ford">Philco-Ford</a>; four units were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and <a href="Manfred_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Schroeder">Manfred Schroeder</a> during the 1970s–1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath <i>et al.</i> of BBN developed the first <a href="Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">variable-rate</a> LPC algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, Atal and <a href="Manfred_R._Schroeder" title="Manfred R. Schroeder">Manfred R. Schroeder</a> at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech <a href="Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> called <a href="Adaptive_predictive_coding" title="Adaptive predictive coding">adaptive predictive coding</a>, which used a <a href="Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This later became the basis for the <a href="Perceptual_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceptual coding">perceptual coding</a> technique used by the <a href="MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> <a href="Audio_compression_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">audio compression</a> format, introduced in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">Code-excited linear prediction</a> (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>LPC is the basis for <a href="Voice-over-IP" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice-over-IP">voice-over-IP</a> (VoIP) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, <a href="Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> of <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">ARPA</a> with Jim Forgie of <a href="Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> (LL) and Dave Walden of <a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN Technologies</a> started the first developments in packetized speech, which would eventually lead to voice-over-IP technology. In 1973, according to Lincoln Laboratory informal history, the first real-time 2400 <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bit</a>/<a href="Second" title="Second">s</a> LPC was implemented by Ed Hofstetter. In 1974, the first real-time two-way LPC packet speech communication was accomplished over the <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> at 3500 bit/s between Culler-Harrison and Lincoln Laboratory.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LPC_coefficient_representations">LPC coefficient representations</h2></div>

<p>LPC is frequently used for transmitting spectral envelope information, and as such it has to be tolerant of transmission errors. Transmission of the filter coefficients directly (see <a href="Linear_prediction" title="Linear prediction">linear prediction</a> for a definition of coefficients) is undesirable, since they are very sensitive to errors. In other words, a very small error can distort the whole spectrum, or worse, a small error might make the prediction filter unstable.

</p><p>There are more advanced representations such as <a href="Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">log area ratios</a> (LAR), <a href="Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">line spectral pairs</a> (LSP) decomposition and <a href="Reflection_coefficient" title="Reflection coefficient">reflection coefficients</a>. Of these, especially LSP decomposition has gained popularity since it ensures the stability of the predictor, and spectral errors are local for small coefficient deviations.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>LPC is the most widely used method in <a href="Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a> and <a href="Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally used for speech analysis and resynthesis. It is used as a form of voice compression by phone companies, such as in the <a href="GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> standard, for example. It is also used for <a href="COMSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="COMSEC">secure</a> wireless, where voice must be <a href="Digitize" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitize">digitized</a>, <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> and sent over a narrow voice channel; an early example of this is the US government's <a href="Navajo_I" title="Navajo I">Navajo I</a>.

</p><p>LPC synthesis can be used to construct <a href="Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoders</a> where musical instruments are used as an excitation signal to the time-varying filter estimated from a singer's speech. This is somewhat popular in <a href="Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>.

<a href="Paul_Lansky" title="Paul Lansky">Paul Lansky</a> made the well-known computer music piece <a href="Notjustmoreidlechatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Notjustmoreidlechatter">notjustmoreidlechatter</a> using linear predictive coding.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

A 10th-order LPC was used in the popular 1980s <a href="Speak_%26_Spell_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speak & Spell (game)">Speak & Spell</a> educational toy.

</p><p>LPC predictors are used in <a href="Shorten_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten (file format)">Shorten</a>, <a href="MPEG-4_ALS" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 ALS">MPEG-4 ALS</a>, <a href="FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a> <a href="Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codec</a>, and other <a href="Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">lossless</a> audio codecs.

</p><p>LPC has received some attention as a tool for use in the tonal analysis of violins and other stringed musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-tai_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tai-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Akaike_information_criterion" title="Akaike information criterion">Akaike information criterion</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_compression_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">Audio compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">Code-excited linear prediction</a> (CELP)</li>

<li><a href="Generalized_filtering" title="Generalized filtering">Generalized filtering</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_prediction" title="Linear prediction">Linear prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_predictive_analysis" title="Linear predictive analysis">Linear predictive analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch estimation">Pitch estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">Warped linear predictive coding</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDengDouglas_O'Shaughnessy2003" class="citation book cs1">Deng, Li; Douglas O'Shaughnessy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=136wRmFT_t8C&pg=PA41"><i>Speech processing: a dynamic and optimization-oriented approach</i></a>. <a href="Marcel_Dekker" title="Marcel Dekker">Marcel Dekker</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>48. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8247-4040-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeigi,_Homayoon2011" class="citation book cs1">Beigi, Homayoon (2011). <i>Fundamentals of Speaker Recognition</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-77591-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFB.S._Atal2006" class="citation journal cs1">B.S. Atal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695">"The history of linear prediction"</a>. <i>IEEE Signal Processing Magazine</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">154–</span>161. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ISPM...23..154A">2006ISPM...23..154A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMSP.2006.1598091">10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15601493">15601493</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Sasahira-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sasahira_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sasahira_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFY._SasahiraS._Hashimoto1995" class="citation journal cs1">Y. Sasahira; S. Hashimoto (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf">"Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Michigan Publishing.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

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</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFC._C._Cutler1952"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2605361">US 2605361</a>, C. C. Cutler, "Differential quantization of communication signals", published 1952-07-29</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2605361&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Differential+quantization+of+communication+signals&rft.inventor=C.+C.+Cutler&rft.pubdate=1952-07-29"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFB._M._Oliver1952" class="citation journal cs1">B. M. Oliver (1952). "Efficient coding". <i>The Bell System Technical Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (4). Nokia Bell Labs: <span class="nowrap">724–</span>750. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1952.tb01403.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01403.x</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFH._C._Harrison1952" class="citation journal cs1">H. C. Harrison (1952). "Experiments with linear prediction in television". <i>Bell System Technical Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">764–</span>783. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFP._Elias1955" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">P. Elias (1955). "Predictive coding I". <i>IRE Trans. Inform.Theory</i>. IT-1 no. 1: <span class="nowrap">16–</span>24. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTIT.1955.1055126">10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFP._Elias1955" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">P. Elias (1955). "Predictive coding II". <i>IRE Trans. Inform. Theory</i>. IT-1 no. 1: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>33. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTIT.1955.1055116">10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFS._SaitoF._Itakura1967" class="citation journal cs1">S. Saito; F. Itakura (Jan 1967). "Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech". <i>J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFB.S._AtalM.R._Schroeder1967" class="citation journal cs1">B.S. Atal; M.R. Schroeder (1967). "Predictive coding of speech". <i>Conf. Communications and Proc</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ.P._Burg1967" class="citation journal cs1">J.P. Burg (1967). "Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis". <i>Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Gray-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGray2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Robert_M._Gray" title="Robert M. Gray">Gray, Robert M.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf">"A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Found. Trends Signal Process</i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>303. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1561%2F2000000036">10.1561/2000000036</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8346">1932-8346</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Schroeder2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder2014_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder2014_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2014" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Manfred R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388">"Bell Laboratories"</a>. <i>Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder</i>. Springer. p. 388. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783319056609</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAtalSchroeder1978" class="citation book cs1">Atal, B.; Schroeder, M. (1978). "Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria". <i>ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing</i>. Vol. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">573–</span>576. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICASSP.1978.1170564">10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchroederAtal1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Manfred_R._Schroeder" title="Manfred R. Schroeder">Schroeder, Manfred R.</a>; <a href="Bishnu_S._Atal" title="Bishnu S. Atal">Atal, Bishnu S.</a> (1985). "Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates". <i>ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing</i>. Vol. 10. pp. <span class="nowrap">937–</span>940. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICASSP.1985.1168147">10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14803427">14803427</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Shipra (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018231621/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2aa9/c2971342e8b0b1a0714938f39c406f258477.pdf">"Application of MFCC in Text Independent Speaker Recognition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 805–810 (806). <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2277-128X">2277-128X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212485331">212485331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2aa9/c2971342e8b0b1a0714938f39c406f258477.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLansky" class="citation web cs1">Lansky, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224031037/http://paul.mycpanel.princeton.edu/liner_notes/morethanidlechatter.html">"More Than Idle Chatter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paul.mycpanel.princeton.edu/liner_notes/morethanidlechatter.html">the original</a> on 2017-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-tai-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tai_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTaiChung,_Dai-Ting2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tai, Hwan-Ching; Chung, Dai-Ting (June 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savartjournal.org/index.php/sj/article/view/16/pdf">"Stradivari Violins Exhibit Formant Frequencies Resembling Vowels Produced by Females"</a>. <i>Savart Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (2).</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy1988" class="citation journal cs1">O'Shaughnessy, D. (1988). "Linear predictive coding". <i>IEEE Potentials</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>32. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F45.1890">10.1109/45.1890</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12786562">12786562</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBundyWallen1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Alan_Bundy" title="Alan Bundy">Bundy, Alan</a>; <a href="Lincoln_Wallen" title="Lincoln Wallen">Wallen, Lincoln</a> (1984). "Linear Predictive Coding". <i>Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools</i>. Symbolic Computation. p. 61. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-96868-6_123">10.1007/978-3-642-96868-6_123</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-13938-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEl-Jaroudi2003" class="citation book cs1">El-Jaroudi, Amro (2003). "Linear Predictive Coding". <i>Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471219282.eot155">10.1002/0471219282.eot155</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0471219286</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soundlab.cs.princeton.edu/software/rt_lpc/">real-time LPC analysis/synthesis learning software</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/528">30 years later Dr Richard Wiggins Talks Speak & Spell development</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~gray/dl.html">Robert M. Gray, IEEE Signal Processing Society, Distinguished Lecturer Program</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Data_compression_methods241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li>

<li><a href="Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li>

<li><a href="Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li>

<li><a href="Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Byte-pair_encoding" title="Byte-pair encoding">Byte-pair encoding</a></li>

<li><a href="LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a>

<li><a href="Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a>

<li><a href="Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman

<ul><li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>

<li>LZ77 + ANS

<ul><li><a href="LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS

<ul><li><a href="Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZ77 + Huffman + context

<ul><li><a href="Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZSS + Huffman

<li>LZ77 + Range

<li>LZHAM</li></ul></li>

<li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li>Motion

<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li>

<li><a href="Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li>

<li><a href="Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li>

<li><a href="Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li>

<li><a href="Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li>

<li><a href="Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li>

<li>Motion

<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li>

<li><a href="FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Linear_predictive_coding&oldid=1276522725">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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